风险识别过程是管理风险的第一步. 它包括识别可能影响组织目标的潜在风险, operations or stakeholders. 风险识别过程包括以下过程.

Establish the Context
在开始风险识别过程之前, it’s important to establish the context by defining the scope of the risk assessment, 识别相关利益相关者, 明确组织的目标和风险偏好.

Brainstorm Potential Risks
下一步是对可能影响组织的潜在风险进行头脑风暴. 这可以通过各种方法来实现, 比如进行采访, 举办研讨会或回顾历史数据. It’s important to involve stakeholders from different parts of the organization to ensure a comprehensive list of potential risks.

Categorize Risks
Once potential risks have been identified, they can be categorized based on their type or source. 常见的风险类别包括战略风险, financial, operational, 合规和声誉风险.

The risk identification process is a continuous process that should be reviewed and updated regularly to ensure that new risks are identified, 现有的风险也得到了适当的管理. 通过识别潜在风险并评估其可能性和影响, organizations can develop effective risk management strategies to protect their objectives and stakeholders.

The second step in the ERM process is to analyze or assess the risks that have been identified. The goal of the assessment phase is to understand what problems or opportunities a risk might cause and to determine the magnitude of the risk for prioritization in a later step. 

在评估和评级风险时，会考虑以下因素.

Likelihood
该因素衡量风险事件发生的概率.

Impact
该因素衡量风险事件的潜在后果.

Velocity
这个因素衡量风险事件实现并造成伤害的速度.

Preparedness
这个因素衡量组织处理风险的准备程度.  

在评估了每个风险因素之后, 可以通过分配风险评级分数来确定风险的优先级. 通过应用风险优先排序过程, the administration can ensure that they are allocating resources to the most significant risks and taking appropriate measures to protect stakeholders and the mission objectives.

风险评级采用以下方法: Risk Rating = (Impact + Velocity) x Likelihood

影响因素和可能性因素按1到5的等级进行评估, 数字越大，表示影响越大或发生的可能性越大. 速度和准备因素按1至4级进行评估, with higher numbers indicating an increasing speed to occurrence and lack of existing controls. 虽然不包括在风险排名公式中, the preparedness factor is used when prioritizing risks to provide management with an added level of maturity and detail to the risk discussion.

The risk rating formula is used to calculate a numerical score for each identified risk, which is then used to prioritize risks and determine the appropriate risk management strategies. Risks with higher risk rating scores are typically given priority attention and resources for risk management and mitigation efforts.

一旦风险被识别并确定优先级, 可以使用一系列减轻风险的策略来处理风险. Establishing policies, procedures and controls enables the organization to keep risks within acceptable ranges. A risk management plan is developed for each risk that outlines the specific strategies and actions that will be taken to mitigate the risk. 计划定义了风险缓解的角色和职责, 建立完成时间表并确定资源需求. 在ERM中降低风险的一些常见策略包括以下内容.

Acceptance
接受风险及其后果, 要么是因为降低风险太困难，要么是因为成本太高, 或者因为潜在的好处大于潜在的后果.

Avoidance
Avoiding the risk entirely by not engaging in the activity that could result in the risk.

Reduction
Reducing the likelihood or impact of the risk by implementing risk management controls or safeguards. 这可能涉及实施安全措施, 冗余系统或建立程序和指导方针.

Transfer
将风险转移或分担给另一方, 例如通过保险或外包给第三方提供商.

Exploitation
积极寻找机会，利用风险的积极方面, 比如新的市场机会或新兴技术.

每种策略都有其优点和缺点, 适当的策略将取决于风险的性质和背景. 可以使用多种策略组合来有效地减轻风险. Additionally, it’s important to regularly review and update risk mitigation strategies to ensure they remain effective and relevant.

Implementing risk mitigation strategies involves taking action to reduce the likelihood or impact of identified risks that could negatively impact an organization’s objectives. This may involve implementing new procedures, guidelines or controls, or modifying existing ones. Communication and training are essential for effective implementation of the selected risk mitigation strategies. 

Stakeholders should be informed about the strategies as well as their roles and responsibilities in the implementation process. Training may also be necessary to ensure stakeholders have the necessary skills and knowledge to implement the mitigation strategies effectively.